There are 2 main types of ARs around.
Type 1 is the original Direct Impingement gas operated Rifle, as originally designed by Mr. Stoner way back in the day. When you pull the trigger, a round is fired, sending a bullet down the chamber, as well as expelling gases. Once the bullet passes the hole in the barrel where the gas block is located, pressurized gasses travel into the gas block, down the gas tube and back towards the receiver. Once it goes into the receiver it hits the Bolt carrier group and the gas key, and due to pressure, the BCG travells back and the sprind in the buffer tube pushes it foward where is pick up another round and prepares to fire again
Type 2 is a gas piston rifle. Very similar to that of an AK-47. Several AR manufacturers utilyze the piston system, encluding the AR-1 from ARP, Addax Tactical, POF USA and I believe Barrett. In a Piston system, When you pull the trigger, a round is fired, sending a bullet down the chamber, as well as expelling gases. Once the bullet passes the hole in the barrel where the gas block is located, pressurized gasses travel into the gas block, and due to pressure, push a piston back towards the upper receiver. The piston hits the Bolt carrier group and the gas key, and due to pressure, the BCG travells back and the spring in the buffer tube pushes it foward where it picks up another round and prepares to fire again.
Advantages of each.
Direct Impingment:
Cheaper! Most piston uppers go for at least 1500 while a DI upper can be had for 500.
Accurate. Most argue that DI is more accurate than piston systems, although that is a debate. Most pistons seem to shoot around 1-5 MOA(mites of Angle) depending on quality, whereas DI uppers can go below .5 MOA.
Interchangability. DI parts from almost every DI upper can be interchangable. Bushmaster parts work on DPMS uppers, etc etc etc
Piston:
Cleaner! Since gases arent returned into the upper via the gas tube, you dont get a lot of carbon buildup in the action area. You wont have to clean a piston upper near as much, and therefor, should actually last a little longer than a DI gun
Heat. Since pistons dont get the gas blow back, the inner parts stay cooler, which would also make the parts of the gun last longer.
As a review, msot aruge that you dont need a piston gun unless you shoot at least 2K rounds a month. If you only shoot a couple hundred a month, and take good care of the rifle, a DI upper should last longer than you!
Edit: this is a reply that I posted in a thread a few weeks ago, might not cover your questions exactly, but might shed a little insight